|
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^
Deaths
which occurred on a 09 October:
2006
Mario
Moya Palencia, Mexican politician born on 14 June 1933. He
belonged to the Partido Revolucionario Institucional. In the government
of Luis Echeverría Álvarez he was Secretario de Gobernación (1969-1976),
a position in which he succeeded Echeverría and in which he brutally
repressed political opponents, most notoriously by the “genocide of
the Jueves de Corpus”, 10 June 1971. —(061009)
2006
Gen. Amer al-Hashimi, murdered at 07:00 (04:00 UT) inside his house
in Seleikh, a Sunni neighborhood in northern Baghdad..He was an Interior
Ministry official and an adviser to the Defense Ministry. He was a brother
of Tariq al-Hashimi, whom, on 22 April 2006, parliament elected one of the
two deputy presidents of Iraq. At 08:30 on 27 April 2006, four gunmen killed
their sister, Maysoon al-Hashimi, and her driver in an ambush in the Alam
neighborhood of southwest Baghdad. In the evening of 13 April 2006, their
brother Mahmood Ahmed Bakir al-Hashimi, 60, was gunned down while driving
with a friend on a Baghdad highway. —(061009)
2004 Sandra
Clark, 62; Fannie Jacobs, 68; Charlie B. Lowe, 75; Mamie McCormick, 69;
Genise Meekins, 50; William Morris, 58; Derrick Poole, 37; Cornellius Roseborough,
76; Joyce Drain, 64; Euzelia Vaughn, 57; Maxie Lyons, 64; John Hawkins Sr.,
49; Joyce Jamison and her sister Marean Walters, 67; and Herbert Walters,
67, driver of the one tour bus belonging to his brother Roosevelt
Walters, husband of Marean and stepfather of Hawkins. At 05:00 the bus goes
straight instead of taking a turn on Interstate 55, 8 km from Marion, Arkansas,
and overturns. The other 16 passengers are all injured. The bus had left
Chicago at 20:30 the previous evening, and was 80 km short of its destination,
a casino in Tunica, Mississippi.
2004 Maher Kemal,
Turk beheaded by “the Army of Ansar al-Sunna” terrorists, for
working with US occupation forces at Al-Bakr airbase, north of Baghdad.
He had been kidnapped the previous day on the highway between Mosul and
Baghdad.
2004 Lukman Hussein, Iraqi Kurd beheaded by
“the Army of Ansar al-Sunna” terrorists, for being a translator
for the US occupation forces in Ramadi, Iraq. He had been kidnapped the
previous day. Hussein was a native of Dahuk and member of Massoud Barzani's
Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP).
2004 Abed Navahan,
25, a Hamas field commander, by an Israeli missile and the explosion of
the Qassam rocket he was preparing to launch, assisted by three other Hamas
fighters, who are wounded, in the Jabalya refugee camp, Gaza Strip.
2004 Yevgenia Krimichansky, 71, stabbed in her neck with
a knife by her husband, 72, during a dispute, in Be'er Sheva, Israel, in
the morning. Both were immigrants from the Ukraine, who had met in Israel,
and married in 2003.
2004 Mufti Jameel Ahmad Khan
and an associate, both pro-Taliban Sunni Muslim clerics, as two men on a
motorcycle shoot at Ahmad Khan's van near his house in a middle-class neighborhood
of eastern Karachi, Pakistan.
2004 Four Indian soldiers, a
civilian, and a suicide car bomber of the Jaish-e-Mohammad independentist
group, attacking an army convoy in on a highway near Pattan, Indian-occupied
Kashmir.Some 30 persons are wounded.
2004 Emad Bader and another
Palestinian policeman, by Israeli missiles fired into the Khan
Yunis refugee camp, Gaza Strip, in the early hours.
2003 Hayder
Yusser, another Iraqi, and two US soldiers, in an hour-long evening
gunfight after US troops in Baghdad, Iraq, surrounded the Sadr City headquarters
or anti-US Shiite ayatollah Moktada (or Moqtada) al-Sadr, son of ayatollah
Muhammah Sadiq al-Sadr (murdered in 1999 on orders from dictator Saddam
Hussein), who has a private militia, the Jaish Mehdi. 4 US soldiers are
wounded.
2003:: 3 policemen, 5 civilians, and two suicide bombers
in a car which explodes at 08:30 when hitting another car in the parking
lot of a police station in Sadr City, the biggest Shiite slum of Baghdad,
Iraq, after crashing through the gate and being fired upon by police. Some
45 persons are injured.
2003 José Antonio Bernal Gómez,
34, air force sergeant fluent in Arabic serving as deputy attaché
of the Centro Nacional de Inteligencia (CNI) at Spain's embassy in Baghdad,
Iraq, shot at 08:15 by three assailants who chased him from his home, barefoot
and in his undershorts.
2003 A US soldier, by a rocket
propelled grenade hitting his convoy at 02:00 in Baqouba, 50 km northeast
of Baghdad, Iraq. It is the 92nd US soldier to be killed in Iraq since USurper-President
“Dubya” Bush pompously declared major combat over on 01 May
2003. Innocent Iraqis killed at not being counted by the US occupiers.
2003 Baba Jallow, 28, beaten to death by some 10 persons
in the town Serekunda, 115 km from Banjul, Gambia. They believed that he
had stolen a man's penis through sorcery. Reports of penis snatching are
not uncommon in West Africa, with purported victims claiming that sorcerers
simply touched them to make their genitals shrink or disappear in order
to extort cash in the promise of a cure. Many men in Serekunda are now afraid
to shake hands. Belief in sorcery is widespread in West Africa. Seven alleged
penis snatchers were beaten to death by angry mobs in Ghana in 1997.
2002 Dean Harold Meyers, 56, hit in the upper body by a
single .223-caliber bullet from high-powered rifle “X”, shot from
a a distance, at 20:18, moments after he filled his car's gasoline tank
at a station in Manassas, Virginia, some 50 km west of Washington, DC. Civil
engineer Meyers was on his way home to Gaithersburg, Maryland, from his
job in Virginia. This is the 7th similar murder in the area in and around
DC, from the same rifle. A lot of nonsense is spouted by news media and
the various police forces, who seem clueless. (Example: they exhort the
killer to “stop this madness and surrender”)
2002
Aileen Wuornos, 46, by lethal injection in Florida, for 6 murders.
She was seemingly mentally ill. Her last words were: “I'd just like
to say I'm sailing with the Rock and I'll be back like Independence Day
with Jesus, June 6, like the movie, big mothership and all. I'll be back”.
Wuornos had fired her attorneys and dropped her. Wuornos was sentenced to
death six times for killing middle-aged men in 1989 and 1990, when she was
a prostitute. Her first murder victim was Richard Mallory, a Clearwater
electronics shop owner whose body was found in 1989 in Volusia County. After
standing trial for Mallory's death, Wuornos pleaded guilty to five other
murders in Marion, Pasco and Dixie counties. For years, Wuornos claimed
she shot the men out of self-defense while being raped and sodomized. Later,
she recanted her claims, saying she wanted to make peace with God. “I'm
one who seriously hates human life and would kill again," she told the state
Supreme Court. Wuornos also claimed to have killed a seventh man.
2002 Two Palestinian boys, aged 12 and 16, when Israeli
soldiers approaching the edge of Rafah in the southern Gaza Strip fired
on a crowd throwing stones and homemade stun grenades.
2001
Four Afghan security guards for a UN contractor, as US cruise missile
destroys the building of a United Nations-funded demining agency in Kabul,
where they were sleeping. It was near the targeted Taliban radio transmission
tower.
2000 Luis Portero, head prosecutor for the
southern Andalucian Superior Court, shot in the head as he entered his apartment
building in Granada shortly after 14:00. The attack is believed to have
been carried out three people, probably of ETA. Two shots were fired at
Portero, at least one hitting him on the back of the head. He died one hour
later in a Granada hospital. — Luis Portero García, fiscal jefe del
Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Andalucía, es asesinado de un tiro en la
nuca a manos de la banda terrorista ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna].
1999 Morris West, [26 Apr 1916–], Australian writer.
—(071009)
 1995
Sir Alec (Alexander Frederick) Douglas Home, político y aristócrata
británico.
1988 Felix Wankel, Germany, inventor
of the Wankel rotary engine (1954) [diagram >], which was
used in Mazda cars. Wankel was born on 13 August 1902. (Everything
you were afraid to ask about the Wankel engine, and rightly so)
1987 Clare
Boothe Luce, of cancer, US ambassador to Italy (in the 1950s),
member of Congress (Republican, 1943-1946), editor of Vanity Fair
(until 1934) 84, author of plays such as The Women (1936, a devoted
wife tries to win back her husband, who had been poached by a saleswoman),
Kiss the Boys Goodbye (1938, a satire on the hoopla surrounding
the search for the feminine lead in the movie Gone With the Wind),
Margin for Error (anti-Nazi), and Abide With Me (1935),
of books Stuffed Shirts (satirical articles about society), Europe
in the Spring (of 1940). She was born on 10 April 1903. Her second
(and last) marriage was in 1935 to Henry R. Luce, publisher of Time
and Fortune, and later also of Life and Sports
Illustrated. Clare Boothe Luce's 1946 conversion to Catholicism followed
conversations with Father (later Bishop) Fulton J. Sheen.
1983:
17 prominent Koreans--including the deputy prime minister and two other
cabinet members--and 2 Burmese. The president of South Korea, Doo
Hwan Chun, with his cabinet and other top officials are scheduled to lay
a wreath on a monument in Rangoon, Burma, when a bomb explodes. Hwan had
not yet arrived so escaped injury, but 17 Koreans--including the deputy
prime minister and two other cabinet members--and two Burmese are killed.
North Korea is blamed.
^
1974 Oskar Schindler, German Nazi who saved Jews.
Schindler was born on 28 April 1908
in Zwittau, then Austria-Hungary (now Svitavy, Czech Republic), into
a wealthy business family. The family suffered in the Great Depression
of the 1930s and Schindler joined the Nazi party. He was a dilettante
and an opportunistic businessman. Following the German invasion of
Poland he was one of many Germans who sought a profit in the new territory.
Schindler cheaply acquired a factory in Krakow, which he named Deutsche
Emailwaren-Fabrik, which had nothing to do with E-mail (which did
not exist) but produced enamelware for the German military. He obtained
about 1300 Jewish workers from the ghetto for his plant. Initially
motivated by money, hiding wealthy Jewish investors for instance,
later he began protecting his workers. He would, for instance, claim
that unskilled workers were in fact essential to the working of the
factory, and that any harm to them would result in him raising complaints
and demanding compensation from the government.
He was horrified by the massacre of the Jews who tried to hide during
the 1942 liquidation of the Krakow ghetto to take them to death camps.
Schindler persuaded Nazi officials to allow the transfer of his workers
to the Plaszow labor camp instead. Schindler arranged with Amon Goeth,
the commander of Plaszow, for 900 Jews to be transferred to an adjacent
factory compound where they would be relatively safe from mistreatment.
When in 1944 the advancing Red
Army threatened the labor camps, they were destroyed, and their inmates
sent to death camps. Those at Plaszow were sent to Auschwitz, but
Schindler bribed officials into allowing him to keep his 1200 Jewish
workers and move them to a factory he set up in a safer location,
Brunnlitz (Brnenec) in occupied Czechoslovakia in October 1944. Brunnlitz
was liberated in May 1945.
After
the end of the war Schindler emigrated to Argentina. He went bankrupt
and returned to Germany in 1958 to a series of unsuccessful business
ventures. In 1962, he was declared a Righteous Gentile by Yad Vashem,
Israel's official agency for remembering the Holocaust. He died in
Hildesheim. According to his wishes, he was buried in Israel at the
Catholic cemetery on Mount Zion.
His
story was told in the Thomas Keneally [07 Oct 1935~] novel Schindler's
Ark, and a subsequent film Schindler's List, directed
by Steven Spielberg [18 Dec 1947~]. |
1974 Daniel Bible “Theodore” Foley
[03 Mar 1913 –], US Catholic priest, Superior-General of
the Passionists (since 07 May 1964), who led a holy life. He dies from an
illness contracted on a trip to Asia. He was educated in Passionist schools:
Sacred Heart Grammar School, Cathedral High School, and later Holy Cross
Preparatory Seminary, Dunkirk NY. He made his first vows as a Passionist
on 15 August 1933, receiving the name Theodore. He was ordained a priest
on 23 April 23 1940. From 1941 to 1942 he was professor of philosophy for
the Passionists. In 1944 he graduated with a Ph.D. in Theology from the
Catholic University in Washington DC, and started teaching theology at the
Passionist Seminary in St. Michael's Monastery, Union City NJ. From 1953
to 1956 he was Director of Passionist Seminarians. In 1956 he was appointed
Rector of St. Paul's Monastery, Pittsburgh PA. In 1958 he became the General
Consultor for the Passionists in Rome and assistant to the Superior-General
of the Passionists. —(080512)
^
1967 Ernesto “Che”
Guevara de la Serna, career revolutionary, executed
in Bolivia
Ernesto
Guevara de la Serna, better known to the world as "Che" Guevara, is
executed by Bolivian armed forces. Born on 14 June 1928 in Argentina,
Guevara was a professional revolutionary who became involved in the
Guatemalan revolution of the 1950s. It was during this time that he
discovered Marxism and became a fervent convert to the philosophy.
Guevara was the eldest of five children
in a middle-class family of Spanish-Irish descent and leftist leanings.
Though suffering from asthma, he excelled as an athlete and a scholar,
completing his medical studies in 1953. He spent many of his holidays
traveling in Latin America, and his observations of the great poverty
of the masses convinced him that the only solution lay in violent
revolution. He came to look upon Latin America not as a collection
of separate nations but as a cultural and economic entity, the liberation
of which would require an intercontinental strategy.
In 1953 Guevara went to Guatemala, where Jacobo Arbenz [14 Sep 1913
– 27 Jan 1971] headed a progressive regime that was attempting
to bring about a social revolution. (About this time Guevara acquired
his nickname, from a verbal mannerism of Argentines who punctuate
their speech with the interjection che)
The overthrow of the Arbenz regime in 1954 in a coup supported by
the US Central Intelligence Agency persuaded Guevara that the United
States would always oppose progressive leftist governments. This conviction
became the cornerstone of his plans to bring about Socialism by means
of a worldwide revolution.
He left
Guatemala for Mexico, where he met the Cuban brothers, Fidel Castro
[13 Aug 1927~] and Raúl Castro, political exiles who were preparing
an attempt to overthrow the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista [16
Jan 1901 – 06 Aug 1973] in Cuba. Guevara joined Castro's force,
which landed in the Cuban province of Oriente late in November 1956.
Immediately detected by Batista's army, they were almost wiped out;
the few survivors, including the wounded Guevara, reached the Sierra
Maestra, where they became the nucleus of a guerrilla army. The rebels
slowly gained in strength, seizing weapons from Batista's forces and
winning support and new recruits. Guevara became one of Castro's most
trusted aides and recorded the two years spent in overthrowing Batista's
government in Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria (1963).
After Castro's victorious troops entered
Havana on 02 January 1959, and established a Marxist government, Guevara
became a Cuban citizen, as prominent in the new government as he had
been in the revolutionary army, representing Cuba on many commercial
missions. He also became well known in the West for his opposition
to all forms of imperialism and neocolonialism and for his attacks
on U.S. foreign policy. He served as chief of the Industrial Department
of the National Institute of Agrarian Reform, president of the National
Bank of Cuba, and minister of industry.
During the early 1960s, he defined Cuba's policies and his own views
in many speeches and writings, notably “El socialismo y el hombre
en Cuba” (1965) — an examination of Cuba's new brand of
Communism — and a highly influential manual, La guerra de
guerrillas (1960). After April 1965 Guevara dropped out of public
life. His movements and whereabouts for the next two years remained
secret; it was later learned that he had spent some time in what is
now Congo (Kinshasa) with other Cuban guerrilla fighters, helping
to organize the Patrice Lumumba Battalion, which fought in the civil
war there.
Following the overthrow
of the Guatemalan government by a US-sponsored coup in 1954, Guevara
traveled to Mexico where he joined up with Cuban revolutionary Fidel
Castro. In 1956, Castro, Guevara, and a small band of supporters landed
in Cuba intent on overthrowing its government. When the initial attack
did not succeed, Che joined Castro and the survivors in the wilds
of Cuba, carrying on a guerilla war. In 1959, the Cuban government
fell and Castro seized power. Guevara was put in charge of finance
and economic planning for the revolutionary government. In 1960 he
published Guerilla Warfare, in which he argued that armed
struggle was necessary to free the masses from capitalistic exploitation.
By 1965, he faded from public life
in Cuba for reasons still not entirely clear. He then reappeared in
1966 in Bolivia where he hoped to bring about a revolution. In October
1967, he was captured and executed by Bolivian troops. This outcome
satisfied the US government, under the leadership of President Lyndon
B. Johnson, which viewed him as a dangerous agitator and had assisted
the Bolivian government in its efforts to end Guevara's challenge.
In the autumn of 1966, Guevara went
to Bolivia, incognito, to create and lead a guerrilla group in the
region of Santa Cruz. On Oct. 8, 1967, the group was almost annihilated
by a special detachment of the Bolivian Army. Guevara was captured
after being wounded and was shot soon afterward.
Decades after Che's death, his face remained familiar to millions
around the world, adorning T-shirts, key chains, and posters. He had
also a enduring presence in Cuba, with his image painted on walls
and buildings throughout the nation. |
1958 dies, 19 years after elevation to the papacy. He
was later accused of failing to speak out for Jews during the Nazi era.
He formally defined the dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (1950).
(He would be succeeded by Pope John XXIII.)
^
1958 Pope Pius XII, Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli,
born on 02 March 1876.
Eugenio Pacelli was born in Rome. His family came from Tuscany and
had supplied Vatican lawyers since 1819. Eugenio was educated at Roman
day schools and studied for the priesthood at the Gregorian University
there, though for reasons of health he soon lived at home, not at
his college of Capranica. He was ordained a priest on 02 April 1899.
He was a successful student with a quick mind and an exceptional memory,
although the theological formation then available at the Gregorian
University was limited. It was in the subject of law that he made
his mark and so passed into the Vatican Secretariat of State. There
he rose rapidly and on 13 May 1917 he was consecrated an archbishop.
He was sent as nuncio to the Bavarian Court to negotiate a concordat.
This done, he passed (1925) to Berlin with the same aim and remained
there until, on 16 December 1929, he was named cardinal by Pius XI
[31 May 1857 – 10 Feb 1939] and recalled to the Vatican where
he was appointed secretary of state on 09 February 1933. After 10
years in this office, during which he traveled on papal missions to
North and South America and to France, he was elected pope, on 02
March 1939, in the shortest conclave since 1623.
These experiences are crucial in assessing Pacelli's pontificate.
He grew up in a home of deep piety and of devotion to the papacy but
also in a Rome smarting from the loss of the papal states, a Rome
still clerical, resentful, and suspicious of the secular world. He
inherited a diplomatic tradition and technique centered on the principle
of the concordat, which aims to preserve the church's privileges and
freedom of action, even under regimes irreconcilable with Christian
principles.
Fascism came to power
in Italy (1922) during Pacelli's absence in Germany, and his brother,
a lawyer, helped to fashion the concordat with the dictator Benito
Mussolini [29 Jul 1883 – 28 Apr 1945], to achieve which the
Catholic Popular Party and any chance of ousting Mussolini were sacrificed.
This settlement of the Roman Question, which created the Vatican city-state
(1929), satisfied Pius XI's ambition and that of many Italians but
created many problems for the next 30 years in Pacelli's life, in
relations both with the increasingly hostile dictatorship and with
the uneasy democracy that succeeded it after the war.
Twelve years in Germany had made Pacelli fluent in German and had
given him great love for the Germans. A tireless and methodical worker,
he admired such virtues in the Germans and had many German helpers
in the Vatican. But his deep knowledge of German affairs precluded
illusions about Nazism, and the 1933 concordat with the Germany of
Hitler [20 Apr 1889 – 30 Apr 1945], largely his work, was (he
often said) a calculated risk, aimed at preserving a platform for
Catholic life and ministry in a hostile German society.
His part in the anti-Nazi encyclical of Pius XI Mit
brennender Sorge (14 Mar 1937) (translation in English),
his dozens of other notes and memoranda to the German government as
secretary of state, his frigid and outspoken reception of the Nazi
foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop in Rome, his bitter reproach
of the weakness of Austrian cardinal Theodor Innitzer [25 Dec 1875
– 09 Oct 1955] weakness in face of the
Austro-German Anschluss in 1938, and finally the unfavorable German
reception of his election as pope, all showed his true estimate of
the German tyranny.
During the
few months between his election and the outbreak of war, Pius XII
turned his diplomatic gifts to preventing the catastrophe, but not
in the spirit of appeasement, the Vatican had disliked the Munich
Agreement (30 Sep 1938), by which Czechoslovakia was sacrificed to
expanding German power by Britain and France. Pius XII especially
strove to keep Italy neutral and was deeply saddened when he failed.
The demands of war harmonized with Pius'
austerity and immense capacity for work; they enhanced his exalted,
almost dramatic, conception of his office. His untiring efforts to
humanize war and to relieve suffering, anxiety, and grief, though
they did not always receive Axis cooperation, have been generally
applauded. In a notable series of Christmas broadcasts (1939–1948),
he looked firmly toward the postwar future and to the opportunities
it would offer for a new order in which the international community
would be given real expression, replacing the egoistic nationalism
that had bred war.
There has been
less agreement about Pius' conduct and utterance in relation to the
war itself. Deeply conscious of paternal responsibilities that transcended
nationalism, pledged to neutrality, obliged to condemn unchristian
conduct and yet fearful of provoking reprisals on the defenseless,
the Pope clearly suffered many agonies of indecision, aggravated by
his dislike of strife. He has been charged with neglecting, in the
interests of a calculated neutrality, to raise an authoritative voice
in defense of the persecuted, Christian or Jewish. Others have claimed
that protests would have aggravated Nazi policy without achieving
any good result. Both approval and censure of his choices during these
difficult years have often been facile and superficial: the deeper
question may be asked whether the nuances, the hints, the oblique
allusions of traditional diplomacy, which came naturally to him and
which often seemed to him much clearer than they seemed to others,
were any longer appropriate to the savagery and cynicism of a death
struggle for world domination and of deliberate genocide. The problems
of a neutrality that is not completely silent are never wholly surmountable,
since causes are not morally neutral.
Though Pius refused to be drawn into any crusade against international
Communism, he enacted severe measures against Catholics collaborating
with Communists (1946), and the precarious balance between Christian
Democrats and the extreme left in postwar Italy led him to encourage
the Catholic Action leader Luigi Gedda [23 Oct 1902 – 26 Sep
2000], whose meddling in politics embarrassed the parliamentary Christian
Democratic Party. The successful 1949 protest of Premier Alcide De
Gasperi [03 Apr 1881 – 19 Aug 1954] against this earned him
disfavor at the Vatican. When Pius XII's failing health left power
in the hands of a “bureaucracy” of cardinals, including
the autocratic head of the Holy Office, Alfredo Ottaviani [19 Oct
1915 – 20 Jun 1998], clerical interference in Italian public
life reached a high pitch.
Many
of Pius XII's innumerable addresses to specialist audiences dealt
with urgent moral problems; by the end of his life he was moving toward
outright rejection of modern war and doubted the justification of
a war deterrent policy. In the field of marital relations, he made
a number of pronouncements about the “safe period” without
carrying discussion of birth regulation substantially beyond the position
of his predecessor. Nor did he advance Catholic thinking or policy
in the ecumenical field, though slight concessions were made in 1949.
Perhaps Pius XII's greatest utterance
was the encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943), which
gave fresh impetus and direction to Catholic biblical studies. These
studies had been hampered by the inquisitorial atmosphere persisting
since the days of crisis under Pius X [02 Jun 1835 – 20 Aug
1914] over Modernism, a movement that sought, among other things,
to apply modern methods of historical criticism to both the Bible
and the life of Christ, but was vitiated by arbitrary philosophical
assumptions. The encyclical welcomed most of the techniques of modern
biblical scholarship.
Mediator
Dei (1947) was a similar charter for the liturgical movement;
he aimed at restoring a community character to public worship but
mistrusted extravagant experiment. More conservative and suspicious
views prevailed in Humani Generis (1950), touching on theological
tendencies.
Pius XII's later ill
health accentuated his solitary bent, increased the power of his conservative
curia and aroused misgivings in some countries, not least in France,
where Roman handling of the worker-priest problem (sending worker-priests,
who had been sharing the work and living conditions of laborers in
order to extend their ministry, back to traditional religious tasks)
caused deep resentment. When he died, at Castel Gandolfo in 1958,
respectful mourning was worldwide, but Rome showed few signs of the
revolution in church life around the corner. Though he was gifted
and deeply spiritual, history is unlikely to place him among the great
creative popes.
— PIUS XII ONLINE:
ENCYCLICALS (the link to the English translation is under the title
of each):
Ad
Apostolorum Principis (June 29, 1958) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Ad
Caeli Reginam (October 11, 1954) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Ad
Sinarum Gentem (October 7, 1954) [Italian]
Anni
Sacri (March 12, 1950) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Auspicia
Quaedam (May 1, 1948) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Communium
Interpretes Dolorum (April 15, 1945) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Datis
Nuperrime (November 5, 1956) [Italian]
Deiparae
Virginis Mariae (May 1, 1946) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Divino
Afflante Spiritu (September 30, 1943) [French,
Italian,
Portuguese]
Doctor
Mellifluus (May 24, 1953) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Ecclesiae
Fastos (June 5, 1954) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Evangelii
Praecones (June 2, 1951) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Fidei Donum (April 21, 1957) [Portuguese]
Fulgens
Corona (September 8, 1953) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Fulgens
Radiatur (March 21, 1947) [French,
Italian,
Portuguese]
Haurietis Aquas (May 15, 1956) [Portuguese]
Humani
Generis (August 12, 1950) [French,
Italian,
Portuguese]
Ingruentium
Malorum (September 15, 1951) [Italian,
Portuguese]
In
Multiplicibus Curis (October 24, 1948) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Invicti
Athletae (May 16, 1957) [Italian]
Laetamur
Admodum (November 1, 1956) [Italian]
Le
Pélerinage de Lourdes (July 2, 1957) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Luctuosissimi
Eventus (October 28, 1956) [Italian]
Mediator
Dei (November 20, 1947) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Meminisse
Iuvat (July 14, 1958) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Mirabile
Illud (December 6, 1950) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Miranda
Prorsus (September 8, 1957) [French,
German,
Italian,
Portuguese,
Spanish]
Musicae
Sacrae (December 25, 1955) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Mystici
Corporis Christi (June 29, 1943) [French,
Italian,
Portuguese]
Optatissima
Pax (December 18, 1947) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Orientales
Omnes Ecclesias (December 23, 1945) [Italian]
Orientales Ecclesias (December 15, 1952) [Portuguese]
Orientalis
Ecclesiae (April 9, 1944) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Quemadmodum
(January 6, 1946) [Italian,
Portuguese]
Redemptoris
Nostri Cruciatus (April 15, 1949) [Italian]
Sacra
Virginitas (March 25, 1954) [Italian,
Portuguese]
OTHERS:
Apostolic Letter "Cupimus imprimis" - The Catholic Church in China
(January 18, 1952) [Italian]
|
^
1955 Theodor Innitzer, cardinal
and primate of Austria born on 25 December 1875.
The son of a lace maker, Innitzer was ordained priest on 25 July 1902.
He taught at a Viennese seminary and later (1910) lectured on New
Testament exegesis at the University of Vienna, where, in 1918, he
became head of the theological faculty; he was appointed rector of
the university in 1928. Under Johann Schober [14 Nov 1874 –
19 Aug 1932], chancellor of Austria, Innitzer was federal minister
of social welfare. On 16 October 1932, he was consecrated archbishop
of Vienna, becoming cardinal on 13 March 1933.
Innitzer upheld the authoritarian policies of Engelbert Dollfuss [04
Oct 1892 – 25 Jul 1934], prime minister of Austria (May 1932
– 25 Jul 1934), a representative of the Christian Socialists.
When Germany occupied Austria in 1938, Innitzer first supported the
Nazi regime but was rapidly disillusioned by various secularizing
measures of the new government and by attacks on his archiepiscopal
palace by Nazi mobs on 08 October 1938. After a rebuke by Pope Pius
XI [31 May 1857 – 10 Feb 1939], Innitzer ceased to approve Nazism.
His home subsequently became a refuge for Jews, while he strove to
alleviate public distress and to restore the Austrian Church, disassociating
himself from politics. In 1945 he founded the Vienna Catholic Academy
for the training of the laity. |
^
1954 Robert Houghwout
Jackson, born on 13 February 1892, associate justice
of the United States Supreme Court.
An adept scholar, Jackson pleaded his first case by special permission
while still a minor and was admitted to the bar at the age of 21.
He served as corporation counsel for Jamestown NY and, after theStock
Market Crash of 1929, helped merge the city's three financial institutions,
subsequently becoming a director of the consolidated entity. He was
also an active supporter of New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt
[30 Jan 1882 – 12 Apr 1945], who appointed him to a commission
to study the state's judicial system. After Roosevelt's election to
the presidency, Jackson was made general counsel to the Internal Revenue
Bureau, where his notable accomplishment was the successful prosecution
of financier Andrew Mellon [24 Mar 1855 – 26 Aug 1937] for income-tax
evasion. Jackson also served as special counsel to the Treasury and
the Securities and Exchange Commission and as assistant attorney general
of the Tax, and then the Anti-Trust, Division. President Roosevelt
appointed him US solicitor general in 1938 and attorney general in
1940. In all these assignments he was the chief legal exponent of
New Deal legislation. As attorney general he drafted, at Roosevelt's
request, an opinion defending the transfer to Great Britain of 50
over-age destroyers in exchange for US acquisition of several British
military bases.
In 1941 Roosevelt
named Jackson to the US Supreme Court. His early opinions reflect
his liberal and nationalistic views. In Edwards v. California
(1941), which declared unconstitutional California's “Okie”
law barring indigent migrants from entering the state, Jackson held
that freedom of movement within the United States was guaranteed by
citizenship. He also strongly defended the separation of church and
state. His defense of 1st Amendment guarantees were, however, balanced
by concern for maintaining public order and security, which led to
his concurring with the outrageous court findings against the Communist
Party and in favor of the relocation of Japanese persons during World
War II. He is also remembered as a vigorous and clear legal stylist.
Jackson took a leave from the bench
to serve as chief US prosecutor in the Nürnberg trials of former
German leaders. He was largely responsible for the legal basis of
the International Military Tribunal as embodied in its charter and
built for the prosecution a massive case from captured Nazi documents;
but, having no experience as a prosecuting attorney, he conducted
an undistinguished cross-examination of Hermann Göring [12 Jan
1893 – 15 Oct 1946] and other
defendants. In 1946 he returned to the bench. |
1948 Joseph
Wedderburn, mathematician
1935 Archibald Thorburn,
Brit |
^
On
a 09 October: 
2002
The shares of the Boston Celtics Limited Partnership (BOS) surge on the
New York Stock Exchange, where they trade for the first time since they
closed at $11.35 on 27 September. They open at $29.50, the intraday high,
and close at $28.00. Only 28'400 of the 2.7 million shares are traded, but
usually it is a rare day when more than 2000 shares of BOS are traded. The
basketball team is 52% owned by a group led by Paul Gaston, and 48% is the
traded shares of BOS owned by fans. The franchise is the only US professional
sports team to be publicly traded. After the close of trading on 27 September
2002, venture capitalists Stephen Pagliuca, and father and son Irving and
Wycliffe Grousbeck, announced plans to pay $360 million to purchase the
team, whereupon trading was stopped. The public shareholders would receive
$25 to $35 per share, it was estimated on 07 October 2002. [< 5~year
price chart]
2002
On news that Borland (BORL) is to buy for $24 million ($2.75 a share) the
computer software (CaliberRM, Code Wright, eXpressroom) corporation Starbase
(SBAS), the SBAS shares skyrocket, on the NASDAQ, from their previous close
of $0.80 to an intraday high of $2.72 and close at $2.69, on a volume of
2 million of its 8.7 million shares. At the close the bid is $0.01 and the
asked $2000.00 (!!!) SBAS had traded as high $161.25 on 07 February 2000
and, within the last 52 weeks as high as $7.97 on 18 October 2001 and as
low as $0.52 on 21 August 2002. [5~year price chart >]
1779 Luddite Riots being in Manchester, England in reaction
to machinery for spinning cotton.