^
Deaths
which occurred on a 28 May:
2006 British Lieutenant Tom Mildinhall,
26, and Lance Corporal Paul Farrelly, 27, of the Queens
Dragoon Guards, after their armored Land Rover is struck by a roadside bomb
in the al-Jezeizah district of Basra, Iraq. Two other soldiers of their
unit are wounded. — (060530)
2004 Some 50 persons in
magnitude 6.3 earthquake at 17:09 (12:39 UT) with epicenter 28
km deep at 36º17'N 51º34'E near village Baladeh, in the Alamout
region of Iran. Some 250 persons are injured.
2004 Yuval Weiner
and Guy Weiner, Israeli twins nearly 10, in the evening, in crash
of the car driven near the entrance to Ashkelon by their mother, Rachel
Weiner, 53, who is moderately injured while her daughter Tevel Weiner, 16,
is seriously injured. The father, Avraham Weiner, and the grandparents were
following in another car.
2004 Musa Musaudin, 40, Israeli
Bedouin of the al-Azma tribe, in the early hours, as the car he is driving
at excessive speed on the road between Be'er Sheva and Ramat Hovev crashes
and flips over. A woman passenger, 19, is seriously injured.
2003
Ilya Prigogine, born on 25 January 1917, who received the 1977
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics,
particularly the theory of dissipative structures.
2003 Yukichi
Chuganji, on Kyushu Island, Japan, born on 23 March 1889, who was
the world's oldest man alive , retired silkworm breeder, who had also been
a bank employee and a community welfare officer. Kamato Hongo, of Tokunoshima
Island, Kagoshima prefecture, Japan, born on 16 September 1887, remains
the world's oldest living woman since the death of Maude Farris-Luse [21
Jan 1887 – 18 Mar 2002].
2002 Napoleon Beazley,
by lethal injection, in Texas, for having, on 19 April 1994, when he was
17, shot twice in the head John Luttig, 63, in order to steal his Mercedes
car, with the complicity of brothers Cedric and Donald Coleman. steals Luttig's
Mercedes car. The execution comes despite international appeals on Beazley's
behalf, because he is Black and was below age 18 at the time of the crime,
and the victim's son J. Michael Luttig, a federal appeals judge in Virginia,
came to the Tyler, Texas, trial and unduly influenced it, and the jury had
no Black on it.
2002 Three yeshiva students, and a gunman
from the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, who shoots them in the West Bank enclave
settlement of Itamar, near Nablus, in the evening, and is in turn shot by
the settlement's security officer.
2002 Albert Malul,
50, of Jerusalem, by shots fired at the car in which he was traveling, south
of the West Bank settlement of Ofra, coming from Jerusalem on Road 60 (the
Ramallah bypass road), prior to reaching the Burka junction.
2002
Mildred Wirt Benson, author, under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene,
of 23 of the 30 original Nancy Drew mysteries, about a beautiful, rich,
smart 16-year-old girl who solved crimes. All Benson got was $125 per book,
no royalties from the books (200 million books in 17 languages, including
those by those who followed her, under the same pseudonym), movies, and
board games. Benson wrote more than 100 other books, including the Penny
Parker mystery series. Benson was born on 10 July 1905.
2001
At least 12 persons in coup attempt by Central African Republic
poorly paid soldiers against President Ange-Félix Patasse. The dead
include 7 members of the presidential guard. Patasse first won election
in 1993, ending more than a decade of army rule. He won re-election in 1999
amid opposition claims of vote fraud.
2001 Kelly Coblentz,
16, of neisseria meninigitidis, sophomore at West Branch High School, in
Alliance, Ohio. Coming after the death from the same cause of another student
from the same school on 23 May, this causes a scare and motivates a preventive
mass vaccination.
1998 Phil(ip Edward) Hartman(n), 49, and Brynn
Hartman, 40, his third wife, who, under the influence of alcohol
and cocaine, shoots her husband in the early hours, goes and tells a friend,
who does not believe her, returns home with the friend, locks herself in
a room and shoots herself; in Encino, California. (Phil Hartman's father
died on 30 April 1998). — MORE
1995: 1989 personas en un seísmo en Neftegorsk (isla rusa
de Sajalín). Hubo 1208 supervivientes.
1981 Stefan Wyszynski,
cardenal primado de Polonia.
1980 Rolf
Herman Nevanlinna, Finnish mathematician. His most important
work was on harmonic measure, which he invented in 1936. He also developed
the theory of value distribution named after him.
1977: 164
persons in fire at the Beverly Hills Supper Club in Southgate,
Kentucky.
1972 Duke of Windsor, 77, in Paris. As
Edward VIII, he had abdicated the British throne in 1938 to marry divorcée
Wallis Warfield Simpson.
^
1972 Edward Albert
Christian George Andrew Patrick David, Duke Of Windsor, who
was king Edward VIII of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British dominions
and emperor of India from 20 January 1936 to 10 December 1936, when
he abdicated in order to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson [19 Jun 1896
– 24 Apr 1986] of the United States. He was the only British sovereign
ever voluntarily to resign the crown.
Born on 23 June 1894, the eldest child of George, duke of York (later
King George V) [03 Jun 1865 – 20 Jan 1936], and Princess Mary
of Teck (later Queen Mary), he became heir to the throne on the accession
of his father (06 May 1910). Although trained (1907–1911) for
the Royal Navy, he was commissioned in the Army's Grenadier Guards
after the outbreak of World War I (06 August 1914) and served as a
staff officer. After the war and through the early 1920s he undertook
extensive goodwill tours of the British Empire; and, after an illness
that his father suffered in 1928, the prince took an increasing interest
in national affairs. In 1932, after unemployment had reached unprecedented
levels, he toured workingmen's clubs throughout Britain and enlisted
more than 200'000 men and women in occupational schemes. During these
years his popularity rivaled, if it did not exceed, that of his grandfather
King Edward VII when the latter was princeof Wales.
In 1930 King George V gave him Fort Belvedere, an 18th-century house
belonging to the crown, near Sunningdale. The Fort, as he always called
it, gave him privacy and the sense of making a home that was entirely
his own. He worked arduously in the garden and woodlands, becoming
in the 1930s something of an authority on horticulture, especially
on the growing of roses. He soon began to regard the Fort as a refuge
from the official world that he increasingly disliked. There he entertained
a private circle of friends, not drawn from the conventional aristocracy
and perhaps better characterized as part of the “high society”
of the time.
In 1930 the prince's
friendship with Mrs. Simpson began. Mrs. Simpson, divorced from a
US Navy lieutenant in 1927, married Ernest Simpson in 1928. Members
of a private circle of friends, the Simpsons were frequently in the
company of the prince, and by 1934 he was deeply in love with Mrs.
Simpson. It was at this point, before he could discuss the matter
with his father, that George V died and Edward was proclaimed king.
As king, Edward VIII set in motion
drastic economies in the royal estates. In November he opened Parliament
and then toured distressed areas in South Wales. Meanwhile his attempts
to gain the royal family's acceptance of Mrs. Simpson, who had obtained
a preliminary decree of divorce on 27 October 1936, met with firm
opposition, backed by the Church of England (of which he was the head)
and most politicians in both Britain and the Commonwealth. Winston
Churchill [30 Nov 1874 – 24 Jan 1965], then out of power, was
his only notable ally. His affair with Mrs. Simpson evoked much lurid
comment in US and continental European newspapers and journals but,
until nearly the end of his kingship, was kept out of the British
press through governmental persuasions and pressures.
Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin [03 Aug 1867 – 14 Dec 1947] attempted
to impress upon the king the peril to the integrity of the monarchy
caused by the private friendship with a divorcée. Discussions
of a morganatic marriage were pursued, but on 02 December 1936 Baldwin
assured him that this was impracticable. It was doomed by being somewhat
hurriedly and forcibly put to the dominions and by the explosion of
the whole matter in the press and Parliament on 03 December 1936.
On the following day the word “abdication” appeared in
the newspapers for the first time. The king therefore made his final
decision and submitted his abdication on 10 December, 1936 (“I,
Edward,do hereby declare my irrevocable determination to renounce
the throne for myself and my descendants”). The instrument of
abdication was endorsed by Parliament on 11 December 1936, and on
the same evening the former king spoke on a radio broadcast: “I
have found it impossible to carry on the heavy burden of responsibility
and to discharge the duties of King as I would wish to do without
thehelp and support of the woman I love.” That night he left
for the Continent, where he lived several months with friends in Austria
and discreetly apart from Mrs. Simpson until after her decree of divorce
became final. On 03 June 1937, Edward was married to Mrs. Simpson
by a clergyman of the Church of England at the Château de Candé,
France. The new king, George VI [14 Dec 1895 – 06 Feb 1952], had made
his older brother duke of Windsor (12 Dec 1936) but in 1937, on the
advice of the Cabinet, refused to extend to the new duchess of Windsor
the rank of “royal highness” enjoyed by her husband; this
decision severely wounded the duke.
For the next two years the duke and duchess lived mainly in France,
visiting various other European countries, including Germany (October
1937), where the duke was honoured by Nazi officials and had an interview
with Adolf Hitler. The outbreak of World War II failed to close the
breach between the duke and his family, and, after visiting London,
he accepted a position as liaison officer with the French. On the
fall of France he traveled to Madrid, where he was subjected to a
fanciful plan of the Nazis to remake him king and to use him against
the established government in England. When he reached Lisbon, he
was offered by Prime Minister Winston Churchill the governorship of
the Bahamas, a British colony in the West Indies, and he remained
there for the duration of the war (1940–1945). After 1945 he
lived in Paris. Short visits to England followed in succeeding years,
notably, to attend the funerals of his brother King George VI and
their mother, Queen Mary [26 May 1867 – 24 Mar 1953], but it
was not until 1967 that, for the first time, the duke and duchess
were invited to attend an official public ceremony with other members
of the royal family, initially, the unveiling of a plaque to Queen
Mary at Marlborough House. |
1968 Cornelis Theodorus Maria Kees van Dongen, Dutch-born
French painter born on 26 January 1877. — MORE
ON VAN DONGEN AT ART “4” JANUARY
with links to images.
1963 Estimated 22'000 in cyclone
in Bay of Bengal (India)
1921 Konrad Kiesel, German
artist born on 29 November 1846.
1912 Paul Émile Lecoq
de Boisbaudran, químico francés.
1885 Francis John
Williamson, British artist born in 1826.
^
1871 The last of
those killed in combat, as the Paris Commune is crushed, but not the
last of those summarily executed.
The Paris Commune is suppressed by troops from Versailles.
—
Fin de la Comuna de París, gobierno insurreccional francés formado
después de la revolución del 18 de marzo anterior, con la ocupación
del cementerio del Père-Lachaise y el fusilamiento de numerosos
federados, entre ellos Eugène Varlin.
— France was defeated. Emperor
Napoleon III [20 Apr 1808 – 09 Jan 1873], who had declared war
on Prussia on 19 July 1870, had surrendered to the Germans with maréchal
Mac-Mahon and 83'000 French soldiers on 02 September 1970, after being
surrounded and defeated on 31 August at the Battle of Sedan. The emperor
had been deposed and the Third Republic proclaimed on 04 September
1870. Maréchal Bazaine, besieged in Metz with 140'000 soldiers
since August 1870, had capitulated on 27 October 1870. Paris, besieged
by the Germans since 19 September 1870, famished and diseased, had
surrendered on 28 January 1871, on which day an armistice put an end
to the war and was formalized by the Treaty of Frankfurt on 10 May
1871.
The National Assembly, which
was elected on 08 February 1871 to conclude the peace with Germany,
had a royalist majority, reflecting the conservative attitude of the
provinces. The republican Parisians feared that the National Assembly
meeting in Versailles would restore the monarchy.
To ensure order in Paris, Adolphe Thiers [18 Apr 1797 – 03 Sep
1877], executive head of the provisional national government, decided
to disarm the National Guard (composed largely of workers who fought
during the siege of Paris). On 18 March 1871 resistance broke out
in Paris in response to an attempt to remove the cannons of the guard
overlooking the city. Then, on 26 March 1871, municipal elections,organized
by the central committee of the guard, resulted in victory for the
revolutionaries, who formed the Commune government. Among those in
the new government were the so-called Jacobins, who followed in the
French Revolutionary tradition of 1793 and wanted the Paris Commune
to control the Revolution; the Proudhonists, socialists who supported
a federation of communes throughout the country; and the followers
of Blanqui [01 Feb 1805 – 01 Jan 1881], socialists who demanded
violent action. The program that the Commune adopted, despite its
internal divisions, called for measures reminiscent of 1793 (end of
support for religion, use of the Revolutionary calendar) and a limited
number of social measures (10-hour workday, end of work at night for
bakers).
With the quick suppression
of communes that arose at Lyon, Saint-Étienne, Marseille, and Toulouse,
the Commune of Paris alone faced the opposition of the Versailles
government. But the Fédérés, as the insurgents were called, were unable
to organize themselves militarily and take the offensive, and, on
21 May 1871, government troops entered an undefended section of Paris.
During la semaine sanglante, or “bloody week,” that followed, the
regular troops crushed the opposition of the Communards, who in their
defense set up barricades in the streets and burned public buildings
(among them the Tuileries Palace and the Hôtel de Ville). About 20'000
insurrectionists were killed, along with about 750 government soldiers.
In the aftermath of the Commune, the government took harsh repressive
action: about 38'000 were arrested and more than 7000 were deported.
— Au terme d'une Semaine sanglante, la Commune de Paris est
écrasée. Dix semaines plus tôt, le 18 mars, des Parisiens
humiliés par la défaite de leur pays face aux Prussiens et énervés
par un long siège, s'en étaient pris aux troupes gouvernementales.
Le chef du pouvoir exécutif, Adolphe Thiers, avait déserté sur le
champ Paris pour Versailles. Un mouvement insurrectionnel improvisé
avait alors assumé le pouvoir dans la capitale sous le nom de «Commune
de Paris».
Mais dès la signature
du traité de paix avec l'Allemagne, le 10 mai, Adolphe Thiers obtient
de l'occupant prussien la libération anticipée de 60'000 soldats.
Il lance aussitôt contre la capitale cinq corps d'armée d'un total
de 130'000 hommes, dont les anciens prisonniers et beaucoup des campagnards
recrutés et formés à la hâte, préparés psychologiquement à affronter
la «canaille rouge». Les troupes sont placées sous le commandement
du maréchal Mac-Mahon (celui-là même qui avait été défait à Sedan
par les Prussiens). Leur assaut commence le 21 mai, dans le quartier
du Point du Jour, à Boulogne. Thiers leur impose une progression lente
et prudente dans les rues de Paris. Cette lenteur sera propice à l'exacerbation
des passions et aux excès de toutes sortes.
Les Versaillais ont en face d'eux une dizaine de milliers de fédérés
déterminés. Ils doivent conquérir les barricades l'une après l'autre.
Le quartier de Belleville, à l'est, est le dernier à tomber, après
de violentes canonnades. Les combats de rue feront au total 4000 tués
(877 du côté des troupes versaillaises). Mais il s'ajoute à ce bilan
les victimes de la répression car, à l'arrière, des liquidateurs tuent
méthodiquement les suspects. Une vingtaine de «cours prévôtales» jugent
hâtivement les hommes et les femmes pris les armes à la main et les
font fusiller sur place. Plusieurs «abattoirs» improvisés servent
de lieu d'extermination. Le «mur des Fédérés», au cimetière du Père-Lachaise,
conserve le souvenir des 147 malheureux qui furent fusillés à cet
endroit et du millier de cadavres qui furent ensevelis dans une fosse
voisine. Dans les longues files de prisonniers qui sont conduites
vers les prisons de Versailles, le général marquis de Gallifet repère
les hommes aux cheveux gris et les fait fusiller dans le fossé, les
suspectant d'avoir déjà participé aux émeutes de juin 1848.
Les Communards, piégés par leur bêtise autant que par la peur bleue
des Versaillais, se vengent en faisant fusiller environ 480 otages,
dont l'archevêque Georges Darboy [16 Jan 1813 – 24 May 1871].
Ils n'hésitent pas non plus à mettre le feu à Paris. Ils incendient
les monuments les plus illustres tels que le palais des Tuileries,
le Palais de Justice gothique (la Sainte Chapelle est épargnée par
miracle), l'Hôtel de Ville hérité de la Renaissance, le Palais-Royal
et le Palais d'Orsay... De précieuses collections d'art et des archives
sans prix disparaissent aussi pendant la Semaine Sanglante. Ces destructions
vont priver Paris de quelques fleurons de son son patrimoine architectural...
C'est ainsi qu'aujourd'hui, dans cette capitale qui s'honore d'un
très illustre passé, il n'y a plus guère de monument qui remonte au-delà
du XVIIIe siècle, mis à part le palais du Louvre, l'hôtel des Invalides,
Notre-Dame et les églises du centre.
Le bilan total de la Semaine sanglante sera d'environ 20'000 morts,
sans compter 38'000 arrestations. C'est à peu près autant que la guillotine
sous la Révolution. A cela s'ajouteront les sanctions judiciaires.
Les tribunaux prononceront jusqu'en 1877 un total d'environ 50'000
jugements. Il y aura quelques condamnations à mort et près de 10'000
déportations (parmi les déportées qui rejoindront les bagnes de Nouvelle-Calédonie
figure une célèbre institutrice révolutionnaire, Louise Michel [29
May 1830 – 10 Jan 1905). L'amnistie (pardon et oubli) ne
viendra que dix ans plus tard, en 1881.
Les responsabilités de ce drame de 72 jours sont partagées. D'un côté,
la bourgeoisie conservatrice, sous l'impulsion d'Adolphe Thiers, a
choisi de fuir Paris plutôt que de réprimer un commencement d'émeute.
En abandonnant Paris aux meneurs ouvriers presque sans combattre,
Thiers a exécuté un plan qu'il avait failli mettre en œuvre dès...
juin 1848, lorsque des émeutes mirent à mal la IIe République, et
même, beaucoup plus tôt, en 1834. Son intention affichée est de liquider
une fois pour toutes le mouvement ouvrier. Dès le 18 mars, Thiers
a renoncé aussi bien à réprimer le commencement d'émeute qu'à demander
à l'Assemblée nationale réunie à Versailles le geste qui ramènerait
spontanément les émeutiers dans leurs foyers, à savoir de proclamer
comme définitive l'instauration de la République !
De l'autre côté, les dirigeants révolutionnaires et ouvriers qui ont
pris la tête de la Commune se sont révélés d'une médiocrité insondable.
Il est vrai qu'ils n'étaient pas préparés au pouvoir et ne s'attendaient
pas à ce que le gouvernement leur livre la capitale. Le mépris réciproque
que se vouaient à cette époque les ouvriers parisiens et les «cul-terreux»
de province a servi le gouvernement élu car, pendant sa brève existence,
la Commune n'a bénéficié d'aucun secours à l'extérieur. Le mythe de
la Commune de Paris survivra dans les mémoires (et les chansons),
plus grand que l'événement lui-même.
La déroute de la Commune est le triomphe d'Adolphe Thiers.
L'ancien ministre du roi Louis-Philippe 1er plaide pour l'avènement
d'un régime conservateur, protecteur des intérêts de la bourgeoisie.
«La République sera conservatrice ou ne sera pas», dit-il volontiers.
Décapitée, la classe ouvrière se tiendra silencieuse jusqu'en 1936.
Ce qui fait que la France accusera un retard croissant sur le Reich
allemand en matière sociale. L'historien Jacques Chastenet écrit ainsi
que «la Commune aura singulièrement retardé ce progrès social qui
était un de ses objets» (L'enfance de la troisième, 1952).
«Quant au socialisme, le voilà mort pour longtemps», écrit le romancier
Gustave Flaubert dès mars 1871. Le 18 avril 1872, le leader républicain
Léon Gambetta lance lui-même au Havre : «Il n'y a pas de question
sociale !» En 1877, Thiers écrit dans son testament politique : «On
ne parle plus de socialisme et on fait bien. Nous sommes débarrassés
du socialisme.»
La République,
IIIe du nom, sera installée en catimini cinq ans après la répression
de la Commune, par le biais de l'amendement Wallon du 30 janvier 1875.
Elle orientera toutes ses énergies contre le clergé catholique, indûment
favorisé par les dirigeants de la précédente République (1848-1851).
La nouvelle République sera conforme aux vœux de ses fondateurs: réactionnaire,
protectionniste, anticléricale, antiouvrière, belliciste, revancharde,
colonialiste... et amoureuse des grands idéaux universels. Adolphe
Thiers sera honoré par les républicains comme en attestent le cénotaphe
géant du cimetière du Père Lachaise, à Paris, financé par une souscription
publique, et les avenues qui, dans chaque ville française, portent
son nom. Ce qu'il méritait c'était une inculpation de
crime contre l'humanité.. |
^
1871 Eugène
Varlin, born on 05 Oct 1839, member of the Paris
Commune, shot by firing squad..
Varlin, relieur, militant ouvrier, est né à Claye Souilly,
près de Paris. En 1865, il participe à la fondation d'une société
d'épargne et de crédit mutuel des ouvriers relieurs. A la création
de l'internationale, il adhère à l'organisation et devient un des
secrétaires du bureau parisien. Il sera délégué au congrès de l'A.I.T
à Genève en 1868, et de Bâle en 1869. Il s'y prononce pour l'égalité
des sexes ou encore pour "la collectivisation de la terre par les
communes solidarisées". Il est aussi, en 1868, à l'origine de coopératives
de consommation. Lorsque la répression s'abattra sur l'A.I.T, Varlin
sera condamné une première fois à 3 mois de prison, puis contraint
de s'exiler en Belgique pour se soustraire à une nouvelle condamnation
en 1870. Il rentre en France à la chute de l'empire, devient le commandant
d'un bataillon de la garde nationale, participe aux élections du 08
Feb 1871 puis, à partir du 18 mars, jour de l'insurrection de la Commune
de Paris, il fait partie du comité central de la garde nationale.
Le 26 mars, il est élu membre de la Commune. Pendant la Commune, il
a déclaré son illusion: “C'est la fin du vieux
monde gouvernemental et clérical, du militarisme, du fonctionnarisme,
de l'exploitation, de l'agiotage, des monopoles, des privilèges, auxquels
le prolétariat doit son servage, la Patrie, ses malheurs et ses désastres.”
Il participe aux derniers combats de
la semaine sanglante. Arrêté le 28 May 1871, il est roué de coups,
puis fusillé par les Versaillais, après avoir crié "Vive la république,
vive la commune!" |
1843 Noah Webster, 84, lexicographer (Webster's Dictionary)
— WEBSTER ONLINE: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
(based on the 1913 Merriam-Webster edition): searchable
HTML — A-B:
— C:
— D-E:
— F-H:
— I-L:
— M-O:
— P-Q:
— R:
— S:
— T-W:
— X-Z:
(zipped only) — . Merriam-Webster's
Collegiate Dictionary (current edition) — The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000)
1805 Luigi Boccherini, compositor italiano.
1794
Elisabeth-Georgine van Hogenhuyzen, Dutch artist born in 1776.
Condamnés à mort par la Révolution:
^top^
1794 (9 prairial an II):
DEVAUX Pierre François, vivant de ses biens, par
le tribunal révolutionnaire.
LORCET Isaac Julien, notaire, domicilié à St Marceau
(Sarthe), comme Munitionnaire des brigands de la Vendée, par le tribunal
criminel dudit département.
VERDELIN Pierre Jacques César, ex-noble, domicilié
à Cambray (Nord), par le tribunal révolutionnaire de Cambray, comme
ne s’étant pas retiré de ladite ville, place forte d'où il
devait sortir comme ex-noble.
BERTRAND Pierre Louis, 41 ans, confiseur, ex officier
de gobelet du dernier tyran roi, né et domicilié à Paris, comme contre-révolutionnaire,
par le tribunal criminel du département de la Seine..
DELOCRE Charles Joseph Albert Ferdinand, 40 ans,
né à Agnières, demeurant à Arras, marchand, époux de Jugand Gabrielle
Joseph, à Arras
JUGAND Gabrielle Joseph, 40 ans, née à Aire, demeurant
à Arras, épouse de Delocre Charles Joseph Albert Ferdinand, à Arras
Domiciliés dans le département
de la Dordogne, par le tribunal criminel dudit département,
comme réfractaires à la loi:
CAPELLE Pierre, ex charteux, domicilié à Mont-Pont.
— CHERCHOULY Jean, ex curé, domicilié à la Chapelle-Fauché.
— DEREIS Jean, ex curé, domicilié à St Pardoux-de-Mareuil.
Domiciliés dans le département
du Vaucluse:
BERTRAND Gabriel Edouard, membre du comité de surveillance
de Bédouin, canton de Carpentras, comme contre-révolutionnaire, par
le tribunal criminel du Gard..
BEYSSER Joseph, (dit Padelle), domicilié à Avignon,
comme contre-révolutionnaire, par le tribunal criminel dudit département.
DECOR Jacques, cordonnier, domicilié à Crillon, par
le tribunal criminel dudit département comme contre-révolutionnaire.
... domiciliés
à Bedouin, canton de Carpentras:
...
comme conspirateurs,
par le tribunal criminel du département de Vaucluse:
ASTAUD Jean Joseph, propriétaire — FRUCTUS
Michel (dit Coucourdon), meunier, lieutenant de la garde
nationale — FRUTUS François, potier de terre,
commandant de la garde nationale — THOMAS Jean Baptiste
(dit Chicanand), propriétaire — THOMAS Joseph, père
(dit Chicanaud), propriétaire — THOMAS Mélanie,
(dit Belezy), ex-noble — THOMAS Joseph, fils de Joseph,
propriétaire
...
comme contre-révolutionnaires:
... par la commission populaire séante à Orange:
ALLEMAND Jean Baptiste, prêtre insermenté —
ALLEMAND François Nicolas, homme de loi — ALLEMAND
Françoise, ex religieuse insermentée.
... par le tribunal criminel du département de Vaucluse:
BALBANY Joseph (dit Devaubonne), ex-noble, seigneur
de Bédouin.— BELLECOMBE Joseph Vincent Thomas,
propriétaire, membre du comité de la commune de Bedouin. — BERNARD
Joseph, notaire — BERNUSSET Victor,
juge de paix — BONNETY Charles, tuilier, sergent
de la garde nationale de Bédouin — BOUTEILLE Mariette
Marguerite, veuve Thomas (dit Belezy), ex noble — BRANCHE
Jean Joseph, cultivateur — BREMOND Jean Joseph,
propriétaire — BREMOND Jean Louis, fils, propriétaire
— BRUN Mathieu (dit Palliasson) — BRUN
Jean Louis, maréchal ferrant — CARPENTRAS Henri,
propriétaire — CHARBONEL Jean, cordonnier —
CONSTANTIN Antoine, boulanger — CONSTANTIN
Joseph Marc, prêtre, boulanger — COTTON Antoine,
propriétaire — COTTON Jean François, fournier
— COUTANT Jean Esprit, agent national —
DAUBERTE Pierre François, officier municipal —
DECOR Sébastien, tisserand — FAULCON
Joseph Vincent, notaire — FAVAREL Siméon Alexis,
salpêtrier — FLORANT Etienne, cultivateur —
FRUCTUS Sylvestre, fabricant de tuiles, maire —
GERBAUD Grégoire, propriétaire — GERBAUD
Jérôme, propriétaire — GERBAUD Thomas,
propriétaire — GUIBERT Ignace Xavier, prêtre
réfractaire — GUIGUE Xavier, prêtre —
GUITRAND Etienne, serrurier, officier municipal — JOUVE
François, tisserand membres du comité — MARTIN
Marie Thérèse, religieuse assermentée — MENTILLON
Jean, propriétaire — MOLIÈRE André L. Flor.,
ex noble, chevalier du tyran roi, lieutenant colonel d'Auvergne —
CLAPTI Cécile, femme Molière, ex noble— MONIER
Thomas, notaire — MOUTON Suzanne, femme
Bernard — NOUVENE Dominique, salpêtrier, officier
municipal — NOUVENE Denis, membre du comité,
et propriétaire — PASCHAL Antoine, agent de
ci-devant noble — PAYEN Joseph Thomas — PELLET François,
cultivateur — PEYRE Joseph Marcellin — PORTAIL César,
tisserand — RAYMOND Eléonore Françoise, veuve
Balbany — ROUSSEAU Thomas, potier de terre et
membre du comité — ROUSSEAU Pierre, meunier,
commandant en second de la garde nationale, président de la société
populaire — ROUSSEAU Jean, potier de terre,
capitaine de la garde nationale — ROUSSEAU Joseph,
potier de terre — TALLENE Basile, chirurgien
— THOMAS Marie, fils d'Antoine — TRIBOULET
Jean Joseph, propriétaire et membre du comité — VENDRAN
Jean Baptiste, propriétaire et membre du comité — VIAU
Michel, prêtre réfractaire — VIAU Roman,
potier de terre — VIAU Etienne, propriétaire.
Par le tribunal révolutionnaire
de Paris:
CHEVALIER Françoise, ouvrière en linge, 28 ans, née
et domiciliée à Besançon (Doubs), comme convaincue d'avoir conspiré
contre le Peuple français, en tenant des propos contre-révolutionnaires.
FERON Guillaume, 45 ans, journalier, né à Arnouville
(Seine et Oise), domicilié à à St Martin-des-Champs (Seine et Oise),
comme convaincu d’avoir insulté, outragé les autorités légitimes,
en refusant d’obéir aux réquisitions.
FERON Marie Adélaïde, femme Rageot, 40 ans, née à
Armouville (Seine et Oise), couturière, domiciliée à St Martin-des-Champs
(Seine et Oise), comme convaincue d’avoir outragé les administration
du département de Seine et Oise, et du District de Montfort-le-Brutus.
LETELLIER Nicolas, vigneron et tuilier, 36 ans, né
à Septeuil (Seine et Oise), membre du comité de surveillance, domicilié
et agent national de la commune de St Martin-des-Champs (Seine et
Oise), comme contre-révolutionnaire, ayant insulté et menacé les administrateurs
de son département.
PETIT Jean, tonnelier et maire d'Orsmoy, 49 ans,
né et domicilié à Osmoy (Seine et Oise), comme complice d'une conspiration
tendante à empêcher la circulation des transports des subsistances
en réquisition pour le département de la Seine et Oise.
RAGEOT André, 38 ans, natif de Bresse, tailleur,
et membre de la commune de St Martin, domicilié à St Martin-des-Champs
(Seine et Oise), comme complice d’une conspiration tendante à empêcher
la circulation des transports des subsistances en réquisition, par
le département de la Seine et Oise.
SAINTANAX André, élève en chirurgie, employé à l’hôpital
militaire de Choisy-sur-Seine, 22 ans, natif de Bordeaux (Gironde),
domicilié à Choisy-sur-Seine, comme complice de la fraction de l’étranger,
et de l’assassinat du représentant du peuple Collot
d’Herbois ; il a été conduit à l’échafaud avec une chemise rouge.
SIMON Felix, domestique, cloutier, 61 ans, né et
domicilié à Rossureux (Doubs), comme conspirateur, ayant dit que l'on
avait mal fait de détruire les seigneurs, mais que dans quelques temps
ils seraient rétablis; que les prêtre qui avaient accepté la constitution
française, n'étaient pas plus que lui, que les patriotes étaient des
gueux, et que les choses changeraient.
VILLEMIN Claude Joseph, journalier, 26 ans, né et
domicilié à Guyans-en-Venne (Doubs), comme conspirateur ayant attenté
à la sûreté des personnes et des propriétaires.
BAILLOT Firmin, 36 ans, né à Lironville (Meurthe),
rapeur de tabac, domicilié à Paris, comme conspirateur
DUMAZET Sylvain, 25 ans, né à Argenton (Orne), ci-devant
ouvrier verrier, colporteur, comme convaincu d'avoir conspiré contre
le peuple français, en tenant des propos contre-révolutionnaires.
... comme contre-révolutionnaires:
FENAUX Pierre François, charretier, 40 ans, né à
Salincourt (Eure), domicilié à Rosay (Seine et Marne).
LEGER Claude, meunier et cultivateur, 49 ans, né
à Villemur (Seine et Oise), domicilié à Rosay (Seine et Marne)
DUHAMEL Eloi, 54 ans, né à Ris (Seine et Marne),
tuilier et agent national, domicilié à à St Martin-des-Champs (Seine
et Oise).
OLIVIER Martin, vigneron, et maire de sa commune,
58 ans, né et domicilié à St Martin-des-Champs (Seine
et Oise).. |
^
1756 Lt. Coulon
de Jumonville, 9 other French and 1 American soldier, in the first
engagement of the French and Indian War
In the first engagement of the French and Indian War, a Virginia militia
under Lieutenant Colonel George Washington defeated a French reconnaissance
party in southwestern Pennsylvania. The French and Indian War was
the last and most important of a series of colonial conflicts between
the British and the American colonists on one side, and the French
and their broad network of Native-American allies on the other. Actually
part of a larger global conflict known as the Seven Years’ War, the
French and Indian War officially began on 15 May 1756, when Britain
declared war on France. Thirteen days later, the twenty-two-year-old
George Washington struck the first blow of the war in North America,
defeating a French force en route from Fort Duqesne. The French commander,
Lieutenant Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, was slain, along with nine
of his men. The rest of his force was captured. Over the next seven
years of the war, Washington continued to lead the Virginia militia
in the defense of their colony’s western frontier colonies.
On 10 February 1763, the French
and Indian War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris by France,
Great Britain, and Spain. In the treaty, France lost all claims to
Canada and gave Louisiana to Spain, while Britain received Spanish
Florida, Upper Canada, and various French holdings overseas. The treaty
ensured the colonial and maritime supremacy of Britain, and strengthened
the thirteen American colonies by removing their European rivals to
the north and the south. Fifteen years later, French bitterness over
the loss of most of their colonial empire to Britain contributed to
their intervention in the American Revolution on the side of the Patriots,
even though the Americans were led by France’s old enemy George Washington.
In the first engagement of the French
and Indian War, a Virginia militia under 22-year-old Lieutenant Colonel
George Washington defeats a French reconnaissance party in southwestern
Pennsylvania. In a surprise attack, the Virginians killed 10 French
soldiers from Fort Duquesne, including the French commander, Coulon
de Jumonville, and took 21 prisoners. Only one of Washington's men
was killed. The French and Indian War was the last and most important
of a series of colonial conflicts between the British and the American
colonists on one side, and the French and their broad network of Native
American allies on the other. Fighting began in the spring of 1754,
but Britain and France did not officially declare war against each
other until May 1756 and the outbreak of the Seven Years War in Europe.
In November 1752, at the age of 20, George Washington was appointed
adjutant in the Virginia colonial militia, which involved the inspection,
mustering, and regulation of various militia companies. In November
1753, he first gained public notice when he volunteered to carry a
message from Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie to the French moving
into the Ohio Valley, warning them to leave the territory, which was
claimed by the British crown. Washington succeeded in the perilous
wilderness journey and brought back an alarming message: The French
intended to stay.
In 1754, Dinwiddie
appointed Washington a lieutenant colonel and sent him out with 160
men to reinforce a colonial post at what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Before Washington could reach it, however, it was given up without
bloodshed to the French, who renamed it Fort Duquesne. Washington
moved within about 60 km of the French position and set about building
a new post at Great Meadows, which he named Fort Necessity. From this
base, he ambushed an advance detachment of about 30 French, striking
the first blow of the French and Indian War. For the victory, Washington
was appointed a full colonel and reinforced with several hundred Virginia
and North Carolina troops. On 03 July, the French descended on
Fort Necessity with their full force, and after an all-day fight Washington
surrendered to their superior numbers. The disarmed colonials were
allowed to march back to Virginia, and Washington was hailed as a
hero despite his surrender of the fort. The story of the campaign
was written up in a London gazette, and Washington was quoted as saying,
"I have heard the bullets whistle; and believe me, there is something
charming in the sound." Reading this, King George II remarked, "He
would not say so if he had been used to hear many."
In October 1754, Washington resigned his commission in protest of
the British underpayment of colonial offices and policy of making
them subordinate to all British officers, regardless of rank. In early
1755, however, British General Edward Braddock and his army arrived
to Virginia, and Washington agreed to serve as Braddock's personal
aide-de-camp, with the courtesy title of colonel. The subsequent expedition
against Fort Duquesne was a disaster, but Washington fought bravely
and succeeded in bringing the survivors back after Braddock and 1000
others were killed. With the western frontier of Virginia now dangerously
exposed, Governor Dinwiddie appointed Washington commander in chief
of all Virginia forces in August 1755. During the next three years,
Washington struggled with the problems of frontier defense but participated
in no major engagements until he was put in command of a Virginia
regiment participating in a large British campaign against Fort Duquesne
in 1758. The French burned and abandoned the fort before the British
and Americans arrived, and Fort Pitt was raised on its site. With
Virginia's strategic objective attained, Washington resigned his commission
with the honorary rank of brigadier general. He returned to a planter's
life and took a seat in Virginia's House of Burgesses. The French
and Indian War raged on elsewhere in North America for several years.
With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in February 1763, France lost
all claims to the mainland of North America east of the Mississippi
and gave up Louisiana, including New Orleans, to Spain. Fifteen years
later, French bitterness over the loss of their North American empire
contributed to their intervention in the US War of Independence on
the side of the Patriots, despite the fact that the Patriots were
led by one of France's old enemies, George Washington. |
1755 Frans Xaver Hendrik Verbeeck, Flemish artist born
on 21 February 1686.
1749 Pierre Hubert Subleyras,
French painter born in 1699, specialized in Historical
Subjects. — MORE
ON SUBLEYRAS AT ART “4” MAY
with links to images.
1748 Ignaz Stern Stella, German
artist born in 1680.
1723 Willem Grasdorp, Dutch
artist born on 15 October 1678.
|
1898
2003
Prometea, Haflinger mare, born naturally and unassisted to the
mare from whose skin cells she was cloned, at the Laboratory of Reproductive
Technology in Cremona, Italy. She is the only success out of 841 mare eggs
whose DNA had been replaced by that taken from skin cells of various horses
and mares. 22 of the 841 developed to advanced embryos within about a week.
17 of those were introduced into nine mares, resulting in 4 pregnancies,
but only Prometea developed to full term. [04 April 2003 photo >]
Prometea is the first cloned horse. The first instance of each of the species
previously cloned is: — carp (1963) — ewe: Dolly [05 Jul 1996
– 14 Feb 2003] —